Blue Spruce Routes
Single Engine Survival Paddle
Details
Most traffic crossing the North Atlantic Airspace (NAT) occurs from FL290-410 through the North Atlantic High Level Airspace (NAT HLA). Over the years, advances in navigation, communication, and surveillance equipment have led to additional requirements for operators so ATC can safely reduce aircraft spacing and pack more aircraft through the airspace.
For unrestricted access to the NAT HLA, operators need a list of equipment:
2 Long Range Navigation Units (LRNUs)
Outside VHF areas 2 LRCS are required – either 2x HF, or HF & Satcom/or CPDLC, for the other.
FANS 1/A equipment for the NAT Datalink Mandated airspace
Super-duper Datalink for the coveted PBCS Tracks (i.e. CPDLC capable of RCP240 + ADS-C capable of RSP180)
And for US operators, that equipment list is a prerequisite for several required LOAs:
A056 CPDLC Enroute, and Oceanic and Remote (PBCS)
B036 Oceanic and Remote Continental Navigation Using Multiple Long-Range Navigation Systems (M-LRNS), Aka. RNP 4 (and RNP 10)
B039 NAT HLA
B046 RVSM
D195 MEL (not technically required for a crossing, but might as well throw this one in)
The above is the ideal setup. But what if I fly old stuff, or new stuff, or broke stuff, or little stuff?
Old Stuff
To the formerly early adopters without the benefit of factory standard state-of-the-art equipment: let’s say your aircraft has LRNUs that are only capable of RNP 10, or your FANS equipment is RCP400 and RSP400.
All else being equal, the only limitation would be no PBCS tracks. And no T9/T290 either. All other tracks or random routes through the HLA are approved.
Is your equipment so old it doesn’t even have the above equipment? Consider yourself the same as broken, and keep reading…
New Stuff
You just closed on a shiny, new, well-equipped jet and have to ferry it across the pond, but you have no LOAs. In this case, you are altitude and route are limited. No RVSM or NAT HLA LOAs means the airspace
from FL290-410 is off-limits for you. If traffic permits, ATC may let you climb through the HLA above FL410, but you might want to plan fuel and route at FL280. Route-wise, without B036, you’re Blue Sprucing it.
If you only have some of the above-listed LOAs, also consider yourself broken.
Now, it gets a little more nuanced…
Broken Stuff
You’ve been spoofed, but only one GPS came back. When down to one LRNU (or you don’t have B036), Blue Spruce it. With only one LRNU, you could fly through the NAT HLA along the Blue Spruce route if you get State approval. Otherwise, fly above or below.
You’re down to one HF radio because you lost an HF and/or Satcom – Blue Spruce it, and altitude is your discretion. Your bad day just got worse, and you lost both HF radios – Blue Spruce it – but stay clear of Shanwick OCA (good news, there’s a Blue Spruce Route for that).
HFs are back, but your Datalink konks out (CPDLC or ADS-C), or you don’t have A056. There are two options: stay within the Data Link Mandate (DLM) exemption area (overlays the Northern Blue Spruce route) and fly any altitude, or fly the Southern Blue Spruce route below FL290 (or maybe above FL410, if ATC lets you). The DLM exemption area exists because you don’t need CPDLC in that area. Radio reception is pretty good through there.
Little Stuff
And if you get a wild hair to cross the Atlantic in an aircraft with only one LRNU, no HF radios, no Datalink, no LOAs, without the range to fly non-stop (like me), you guessed it, Blue Spruce it. It’s starting to sound like a cheesy rap song.
What’s a Blue Spruce?
It’s a Christmas tree native to the Rocky Mountains that you won’t see across the Atlantic on any of your stops. However, the Blue Spruce Routes are routes in and around the Atlantic connecting Canada, Greenland, Iceland, and the UK.
So why are they called the Blue Spruce Routes? Back when military aircraft had wooden propellers (sometimes made of spruce), they painted the tips blue. These aircraft had to make the trans-Atlantic journey along the now-known Blue Spruce Routes.
A complete list of the 11 Blue Spruce Routes is found in Nat Doc 007 3.2.1. The routes are precisely defined, but in practice, they are more of corridors, give or take a degree of latitude.
The routes are segments between countries. If you piece them together, the complete Southern Blue Spruce Route route headed East is:
YYR HOIST 58°N050°W OZN 61°N040°W 63°N030°W EPENI KFV OSKUM RATSU
The Northern route:
YFB SF DA SOPEN KFV ALDAN RATSU
Gray Areas
The Blue Spruce Routes provide exemptions from equipment and operational requirements because land-based radio transmitters along the route provide decent coverage, and route legs are short enough to complete a crossing without necessitating equipment redundancy.
Now, there are exemptions from the rules, and then there are gray areas. Despite all the relief these routes provide, one regulation remains: you must maintain two-way radio communication with ATC.
So far, much of the discussion is how high you can go, but what about how low?
VHF communications have improved significantly in the Atlantic in the last ten years. Both the northern and southern routes have VHF reception at appropriate altitudes. The longest stretch of water is between Canada and Greenland. On the southern route over this stretch of water, I have experienced adequate communication at FL250 and up. The northern route is good down to FL200. Iceland is fantastic - it’s almost like you’re in domestic airspace.
The gray area is when you plan to operate below these altitudes and are counting on utilizing another aircraft to relay position reports. By the letter, this is a no-no. The up-and-up solutions would be to rent a portable HF unit or containerize and ship the aircraft to Europe, both of which can be about $20k.
You can see the incentive to count on relays.
Are ferry pilots bending the rules? Let us descend, inception-style, one further layer down the list of the exceptions: ATC can waive the HF requirement for ferry, delivery, and special event flights. Ferry pilots have all the fun.
Summing up
So, you have the Blue Spruce option if you need an exemption. You can operate with one LRNU, no HFs, no CPDLC, and no LOAs along the Northern and Southern routes. Unless you can get above the NAT HLA, you’re crossing between FL200-280 to the North or FL250-280 to the South for adequate VHF comms.
Is that all you need to know? Not even close!
If you are an experienced international operator, it may be an easy option to cross on a Blue Spruce Route. If you’re new, there is a lot to consider:
Flight planning, handling services, and local airport operations
Survival equipment requirements – especially for single-engine aircraft
Weather – it’s not great down low!
Human factors issues like fatigue and where to find the best beer (Reykjavik)
Keep reading!